The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Bead-making was a highly developed craft in the Indus Valley Civilization, with specialized centers such as Chanhudaro and Lothal. The Harappans used a wide variety of materials including stones (carnelian, jasper, crystal, quartz, steatite), metals (copper, bronze, gold), and other substances like shell, faience, and terracotta to manufacture beads.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Beads were not produced exclusively in spherical shapes. They were crafted in numerous shapes, including disc-shaped, cylindrical, spherical, barrel-shaped, and segmented. This variety demonstrates the advanced technological skills of Harappan craftsmen.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Some beads were composite, made of two or more stones cemented together, while others were decorated with gold caps or covers. This indicates the use of precious metals in conjunction with semi-precious stones for ornamentation.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Decoration techniques were sophisticated. Some beads were decorated by incising or painting designs on them, while others had designs etched chemically (such as the famous etched carnelian beads).
Key Takeaway
Indus Valley bead industry was characterized by immense diversity in materials (steatite, carnelian, gold), shapes (cylindrical, barrel, disc), and decoration techniques (etching, painting, gold capping).