The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The Rigvedic polity was tribal in nature. The King (Rajan) did not enjoy absolute power and was checked by various tribal assemblies such as the Sabha, Samiti, Vidatha, and Gana. These bodies played a crucial role in decision-making, resource distribution, and social interaction.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The assemblies were central to the tribal administration. They were held to discuss vital matters affecting the tribe, including issues of war and peace, the election or approval of the King, and the redistribution of resources (war booty). The Samiti, in particular, discussed national policy.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The assemblies were not exclusive to the priestly class.
- The Samiti was a general folk assembly where the common people (Vis) gathered.
- The Sabha was a smaller body of elders or elites (Su-jat), but not limited solely to priests.
- The Vidatha, considered the oldest assembly, involved the participation of both men and women.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: While the Sabha is specifically described in later Vedic texts and some Rigvedic references as acting as a judicial body or a place for resolving disputes, this function cannot be generalized to all assemblies (such as the Samiti or Vidatha). Additionally, the primary function of the assemblies collectively was political and redistributive rather than functioning as a formal "court of law" for civil disputes in the modern sense. Since Statement 2 is definitively false, the only valid option is (a).
Key Takeaway:
The Rigvedic King was assisted by democratic tribal assemblies like the Sabha (council of elders) and Samiti (general assembly of people), which discussed military and political affairs. Participation was not restricted to priests.