The correct option is (b) 2 only.
Explanation
The Ashrama system is a fundamental aspect of the Later Vedic social structure, dividing the life of an individual (specifically of the dvija or twice-born varnas) into four distinct stages. This system aimed to balance the pursuit of the four Purusharthas: Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Ashrama system was developed by Brahmins within the Vedic tradition, not by Buddhist monks. While the concept of renunciation (Samnyasa) gained prominence partly due to the influence of Shramana traditions (like Buddhism and Jainism), the institutionalized four-stage system is a Brahmanical concept found in texts like the Dharmasutras and Upanishads (e.g., the Jabala Upanishad).
- Statement 2 is Correct: The system prescribes four sequential stages of life:
- Brahmacharya: Student life dedicated to education and discipline.
- Grihastha: Householder life focused on family, wealth, and social duties.
- Vanaprastha: Hermit life or gradual withdrawal from worldly affairs.
- Samnyasa: Complete renunciation and asceticism in pursuit of spiritual liberation.
Key Takeaway:
The Ashrama system is a Later Vedic Brahmanical institution comprising four stages (Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, Samnyasa), distinct from the monastic orders of Buddhism.