The correct option is (d) 1, 2 and 3.
Explanation
The Rigveda reflects a society divided primarily into two groups based on cultural and linguistic differences: the Aryas and the Dasas (or Dasyus). This distinction was rooted in religious practices and language rather than rigid caste structures initially.
Statement 1 is Correct.
The people who composed the Vedic hymns described themselves as Aryas. They distinguished themselves from their opponents based on religious practices and language.
Statement 2 is Correct.
The opponents of the Aryas were referred to as Dasas or Dasyus. The Rigveda describes them as people who did not perform sacrifices (akratu) and followed different commandments (avrata). They were also noted for speaking a different language.
Statement 3 is Correct.
Over time, the meaning of the term Dasa evolved. As the Aryas established dominance, many Dasas were captured in war and treated as property. Consequently, the term 'dasa' (and its feminine form 'dasi') came to mean slave. These individuals were owned by their masters and could be used for various kinds of work.
Key Takeaway:
The Rigvedic distinction between Aryas and Dasas was originally cultural, defined by the performance of sacrifices and composition of hymns, but later evolved into a social status where 'Dasa' signified servitude.