Correct Option
The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The Harappan Civilization is renowned for its standardized urban planning and advanced architectural techniques. A distinctive feature of these cities was their dual-settlement layout and the use of high-quality masonry.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Most Harappan cities were divided into two distinct parts. The western part was smaller but built on a raised platform, known as the Citadel (described as the acropolis). The eastern part was larger but located at a lower level, known as the Lower Town.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: While mud bricks were used in some contexts, the defining architectural feature of major Harappan cities was the use of baked bricks for fortifications. Standard historical texts emphasize that walls of baked brick were built around each part of the city, which contributed to their survival for thousands of years.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The bricks were not laid in a simple stacking pattern. Instead, they were laid in an interlocking pattern (similar to the modern English bond style). This technique significantly enhanced the structural strength and durability of the walls.
Key Takeaway: Harappan urban planning typically featured a division into a Citadel and a Lower Town, protected by walls of baked brick laid in an interlocking pattern for maximum strength.