The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The Mughal Empire maintained its dominance through a combination of military conquest and diplomatic alliances. Their policy towards other rulers was characterized by a careful balance of assertion of authority and assimilation of local elites into the imperial framework.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Mughals campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority. Military expansion was a core activity of the empire, and campaigns were launched regularly against the Afghans, Rajputs, Deccan Sultanates, and other regional powers to enforce suzerainty.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: A distinctive feature of Mughal diplomacy, particularly established during Akbar's reign, was that they did not usually humiliate defeated rulers. Instead, defeated rulers were often treated with honor, restored to their kingdoms as vassals, and enrolled in the Mughal service (Mansabdari system). Their lands were often assigned back to them as watan jagirs. This policy of "defeat but not humiliate" was crucial in turning former enemies into loyal allies.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Rajputs were not the only group to refuse service; in fact, many Rajput rulers (like those of Amber and Marwar) were among the first and most prominent to join the Mughal service. While the Sisodias of Mewar resisted for a long time, they eventually entered a treaty during Jahangir's reign. Conversely, other groups, such as the Ahoms in the northeast or certain Afghan clans, offered stiff resistance at various times. Therefore, characterizing Rajputs as a group that "consistently refused" is historically inaccurate.
Key Takeaway
The success of the Mughal Empire relied on a unique diplomatic mechanism where defeated rulers were assimilated into the imperial administration with honor, ensuring their loyalty and stability within the empire.