The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
Post-independence agricultural strategies in India can be categorized into Institutional Reforms (Land Reforms) and Technological Reforms (Green Revolution). These initiatives targeted different aspects of the factors of production-specifically land ownership and capital inputs-to improve the agrarian economy.
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
Land reforms were institutional measures designed to change the ownership structure of land. The primary objectives included the abolition of intermediaries (such as Zamindars), tenancy reforms to ensure security of tenure, and the imposition of land ceilings to redistribute surplus land. These measures directly addressed the issue of ownership and the rights of cultivators.
Statement 2 is Correct:
The Green Revolution was a technological package aimed at increasing productivity, not redistributing ownership. It involved the use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation. It addressed the efficiency of production rather than the structural distribution of land assets.
Statement 3 is Incorrect:
Both initiatives displayed significant regional disparities. Land reforms were largely ineffective in many states due to lack of political will and bureaucratic hurdles, with success limited to states like Kerala and West Bengal. Similarly, the first phase of the Green Revolution was primarily confined to the wheat-growing regions of Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh, rather than being equally successful across all states.
Key Takeaway:
Land Reforms focused on equity through institutional changes in land ownership, while the Green Revolution focused on productivity through technological upgrades.