The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Harappan Civilization maintained an extensive trade network facilitated by a developed transport system. Archaeological findings, including terracotta models and seals, provide evidence of the modes of transportation used for both internal and external trade.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. There is substantial evidence of wheeled vehicles in the Indus Valley Civilization. Terracotta models of bullock carts have been discovered at various sites, including Banawali and Chanhudaro, indicating that carts were a common mode of land transport.
- Statement 2 is Correct. Maritime and riverine transport played a crucial role in Harappan trade. Depictions of ships and boats have been found on seals, most notably at Mohenjo-Daro. Additionally, a terracotta model of a ship was excavated at Lothal, a major port city.
- Statement 3 is Correct. In addition to wheeled carts, pack animals were utilized for transporting goods, particularly over terrains unsuitable for carts. Bullocks were the primary draft animals, and there is evidence suggesting the use of other animals for carrying loads.
Key Takeaway:
Harappan transport relied on a combination of bullock carts (evidenced by terracotta models), ships/boats (depicted on seals and models), and pack animals to sustain their complex trade economy.