The correct option is (b).
Explanation
The Harappan Civilization maintained an extensive trade network to procure raw materials that were not available locally. These materials were obtained through settlements established near resource sources, expeditions to specific regions, and long-distance trade with foreign lands.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Copper was primarily brought from the Khetri region of Rajasthan and from Oman (on the southeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula). There is no archaeological evidence suggesting copper was imported from China during this period.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Tin, which was mixed with copper to produce bronze, was a scarce resource. It is believed to have been brought from Afghanistan and Iran.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Gold is believed to have been sourced from South India, specifically the Kolar region in present-day Karnataka. This indicates contact between the Harappans and Neolithic cultures of South India.
- Statement 4 is Correct: Various precious and semi-precious stones were imported from different regions. For example, Lapis Lazuli came from Shortughai (Afghanistan), while other stones like Turquoise were likely brought from Iran and Central Asia.
Key Takeaway:
The Harappans sourced Copper from Rajasthan and Oman, Gold from Karnataka, Tin from Afghanistan/Iran, and Lapis Lazuli from Afghanistan.