The correct option is (a).
Explanation
Forest fires are uncontrolled fires occurring in vegetation-rich areas, driven by specific environmental conditions such as high temperature, low humidity, and the presence of combustible biomass. Their origins can be categorized into natural causes and anthropogenic (human-induced) factors.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Lightning is a primary natural cause of forest fires. When lightning strikes dry vegetation during periods of drought or high heat, it can ignite the biomass. Other natural causes include the friction of falling rocks or dry bamboo stalks rubbing against each other.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Human carelessness is a leading cause of forest fires globally. Activities such as discarding burning cigarette butts, leaving campfires unattended, sparks from machinery, and the practice of shifting cultivation (slash and burn) frequently trigger fires. Therefore, it is incorrect to state they are "never" caused by humans.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Observation points and fire watchtowers are critical infrastructure for forest fire control. They enable the early detection of smoke and fire outbreaks, allowing forest departments to deploy resources rapidly before the fire spreads uncontrollably. Thus, they are effective tools in fire management.
Key Takeaway:
Forest fires are triggered by both natural phenomena (e.g., lightning, friction) and human negligence. Effective management relies on early detection systems, such as observation points, to mitigate damage.