The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
Early Buddhist art, particularly during the Hinayana phase (exemplified by sites like Sanchi and Bharhut), was aniconic. Instead of depicting the Buddha in anthropomorphic (human) form, artists utilized specific symbols to represent his presence and key events from his life.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Early sculptors avoided showing the Buddha in human form. His presence was indicated through symbols such as footprints, an umbrella, or an empty seat. The human representation of the Buddha became prominent later, particularly with the rise of the Mathura and Gandhara schools of art during the Kushana period.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The empty seat was used to represent the meditation of the Buddha and the historical event of his Enlightenment (Mahabodhi). The birth of the Buddha is traditionally symbolized by the Lotus and Bull or the Elephant (referencing Queen Maya's dream).
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The wheel (Dharmachakra) represented the First Sermon of the Buddha at Sarnath, an event known as Dharmachakrapravartana (Turning of the Wheel of Law). The symbol representing the Mahaparinibbana (great passing away) is the Stupa.
Key Takeaway:
In the aniconic tradition of Buddhist art, the Lotus/Bull symbolizes Birth; the Horse symbolizes Renunciation; the Bodhi Tree/Empty Seat symbolizes Enlightenment; the Wheel symbolizes the First Sermon; and the Stupa symbolizes Mahaparinibbana.