The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Constitutions are crafted to limit the power of the state and prevent the monopoly of authority by any single group or institution. A "Balanced Institutional Design" ensures that power is intelligently distributed to maintain stability, prevent subversion, and allow for adaptability.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. A balanced institutional design does not concentrate power in a single institution. Concentration of power often leads to tyranny or authoritarianism, increasing the likelihood of the constitution being subverted. Instead, successful constitutions disperse power to ensure no single entity becomes all-powerful.
- Statement 2 is Correct. This design involves the horizontal fragmentation of power across distinct institutions, typically the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. This system of checks and balances ensures that if one institution attempts to overstep its mandate, others can restrain it, thereby preserving the constitutional order.
- Statement 3 is Correct. A well-designed constitution strikes a necessary balance between rigidity and flexibility. It must be rigid enough to protect core values and provide stability, yet flexible enough to accommodate changing societal needs and circumstances without breaking under pressure.
Key Takeaway:
An intelligent system of checks and balances (horizontal fragmentation of power) and a blend of rigidity and flexibility are essential features of a balanced constitutional design to prevent the monopoly of power and ensure longevity.