The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
Ashoka’s Dhamma was not a new religion or a sectarian philosophy but a code of ethical conduct and social responsibility aimed at maintaining social order and harmony. It drew elements from various traditions, including Buddhism, Brahmanism, and Jainism, focusing on universal moral principles.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Ashoka’s edicts (specifically Major Rock Edict III and XI) explicitly emphasize the virtues of obedience to mother and father, respect for elders, and liberality (generosity) towards Brahmanas and Shramanas (ascetics). These were core tenets of his moral code.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Far from forbidding interaction, Ashoka’s Dhamma advocated for the humane treatment of subordinates. Major Rock Edict IX and XI prescribe "proper behavior towards servants and slaves" (dasa-bhataka) as a meritorious act.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Ashoka did not impose Buddhism to the exclusion of other faiths. Major Rock Edict XII is dedicated to religious tolerance, stating that one should not praise one’s own sect or disparage another’s sect without valid reason. He advocated for the growth of the essential elements of all religious sects (Sara-vridhi).
Key Takeaway:
Ashoka’s Dhamma was a secular ethos focusing on non-violence (Ahimsa), mutual respect, and religious tolerance, rather than a dogmatic religious doctrine requiring conversion or the rejection of other faiths.