The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
Alluvial soils are depositional soils formed by the accumulation of sediments transported by rivers and streams. They constitute the most widespread and agriculturally significant soil group in India, covering approximately 40% of the country's total land area.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The vast alluvial soils of the Great Northern Plains are primarily formed by the deposition of silt brought down by three major Himalayan river systems: the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Alluvial soils are not restricted to the main Northern Plains. They extend into Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor. Furthermore, they are found in the eastern coastal plains, specifically in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri rivers.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Alluvial soils are classified based on age into Bangar (old alluvium) and Khadar (new alluvium). Khadar soils are deposited annually by floods, making them younger, finer, and more fertile. Bangar soils represent older deposition found on higher ground away from the river, are less fertile, and often contain calcareous concretions known as 'Kankar'.
Key Takeaway
Khadar is the new, highly fertile alluvium found in floodplains, while Bangar is the older, less fertile alluvium found on higher terraces.