Correct Option
The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Agenda 21 is a comprehensive, non-binding action plan aimed at achieving sustainable development globally. It was a major outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: While national governments have a primary role in implementing Agenda 21, the document does not place responsibility exclusively on them. It explicitly recognizes the essential roles of international organizations and "Major Groups," which include non-governmental organizations (NGOs), women, youth, indigenous peoples, local authorities, business and industry, and the scientific community. Successful implementation relies on partnerships across all these sectors.
- Statement 2 is Correct: A significant objective of Agenda 21 (specifically outlined in Chapter 28) is to mobilize local authorities to undertake a consultative process with their populations and achieve a consensus on a "Local Agenda 21." This encourages local bodies to formulate their own environmental and developmental action plans tailored to local conditions.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Agenda 21 was officially adopted by more than 178 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in June 1992. It serves as a blueprint for action to be taken globally, nationally, and locally in every area in which humans impact the environment.
Key Takeaway
Agenda 21 is a product of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit that promotes sustainable development through a decentralized approach, emphasizing the critical role of Local Agenda 21 and the participation of non-state actors alongside national governments.