The correct option is (a).
Explanation
Universal Adult Franchise forms the bedrock of political equality in India, ensuring that the right to vote is not restricted by social or economic status.
Statement 1 is Correct: Universal Adult Franchise means that all adult citizens have the right to vote without any discrimination based on caste, class, colour, religion, or gender. It upholds the democratic principle of political equality.
Statement 2 is Correct: The Constitution of independent India adopted Universal Adult Franchise as a founding principle under Article 326. This was a bold experiment at the time, given the vast size of the electorate and high levels of poverty and illiteracy.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: The British administration never implemented Universal Adult Franchise in India. The Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms) introduced a very limited franchise based on property, tax, and education, and is primarily known for introducing separate electorates for Muslims. Even under the Government of India Act, 1935, the franchise was extended to only about 10% of the population.
Key Takeaway: Article 326 guarantees Universal Adult Franchise to every citizen who is not less than 18 years of age (reduced from 21 years by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988).