The correct option is (c).
Explanation
In a representative democracy, the relationship between the state and the citizen is dynamic and continuous. It extends beyond the electoral process to include active participation in governance, accountability mechanisms, and the protection of rights through constitutional institutions.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The role of citizens does not end with casting a vote. In a vibrant democracy, citizens must remain vigilant, monitor the functioning of the government, and hold representatives accountable throughout their tenure. Active citizenship involves continuous engagement with political processes.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Citizens have the right to express their opinions and organize peacefully. They can influence legislative processes and lobby Parliament for new laws or amendments through various means, including mass media, public meetings, protests, and pressure groups. This is an exercise of the freedom of speech and expression and the right to assemble peacefully.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Constitution provides for judicial review and the protection of Fundamental Rights. If citizens believe that a specific law or policy is unfair, unconstitutional, or violates their rights, they have the legal recourse to approach the judiciary (High Courts or the Supreme Court) to seek redressal.
Key Takeaway:
Democratic citizenship is defined by active and continuous participation, including the right to dissent, mobilize public opinion, and seek judicial intervention, rather than being limited to the act of voting.