The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Untouchability refers to a social practice of ostracizing a minority group by segregating them from the mainstream by social custom or legal mandate. Article 17 of the Indian Constitution abolishes "Untouchability" and forbids its practice in any form to ensure social equality and dignity.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Intra-community domination refers to a situation where one group within a specific community dominates another group within the same community. Untouchability is a hierarchical practice imposed by upper castes upon lower castes within the same religious or social framework (primarily within Hinduism). Therefore, it is a classic example of domination occurring inside a community structure.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Constitution does not permit untouchability as a protected religious practice. On the contrary, Article 17 explicitly abolishes "Untouchability" and declares that the enforcement of any disability arising out of it shall be an offence punishable in accordance with the law. Freedom of religion under Article 25 is subject to other fundamental rights and does not protect discriminatory practices like untouchability.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The ban on untouchability is a significant example of the State intervening in religious and social affairs. Although the Constitution provides for secularism and religious freedom, the Indian model of secularism allows the State to intervene in religion to bring about social reform and eliminate evils like untouchability that violate basic human rights.
Key Takeaway: Article 17 represents a State intervention in religious norms to eradicate intra-community domination, ensuring that social equity takes precedence over traditional religious practices.