Correct Option
The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Monsoon is a seasonal wind system characterized by a reversal of wind direction. While it follows a general seasonal pattern, its specific behavior in terms of timing, intensity, and distribution is highly variable and pulsating in nature.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Monsoon is not known for strict predictability or regularity. It is notoriously uncertain and is often referred to as the "vagaries of the monsoon." Factors such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) significantly influence its intensity and timing, making accurate long-term prediction difficult.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The Monsoon rainfall does not occur continuously. It is marked by "breaks" or the alternation of wet and dry spells. During these breaks, there is no rainfall for one or more weeks. These fluctuations are often related to the movement of the monsoon trough and other atmospheric conditions.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The arrival (onset) and retreat (withdrawal) of the Monsoon are often irregular. While the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) provides average dates for the onset (e.g., June 1st for Kerala), the actual arrival can be delayed or early. Similarly, the withdrawal process can be erratic and varies from year to year.
Key Takeaway: The Indian Monsoon is characterized by its pulsating nature, encompassing significant variability, uncertainty in onset and withdrawal, and distinct breaks (dry spells) amidst the rainfall season.