The correct option is (a).
Explanation
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, popularly known as Periyar, was a rationalist and social reformer in South India. His ideology focused on dismantling the caste system and challenging Brahmanical dominance through the Self-Respect Movement.
Statement 1 is Correct: Periyar joined the Indian National Congress in 1919 but resigned in 1925. The primary reason for his departure was the practice of caste-based discrimination at the Cheranmadevi Gurukulam, a school funded by the Congress, where Brahmin and non-Brahmin students were made to dine separately. He concluded that the party was dominated by Brahmin interests and failed to address social inequality.
Statement 2 is Correct: He founded the Self-Respect Movement (Suyamariyathai Iyakkam) in 1925. The movement aimed to secure dignity and equal human rights for non-Brahmins and untouchables. It encouraged people to reject caste titles and conduct "Self-Respect Marriages" without the involvement of Brahmin priests or religious rituals.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: Periyar was a staunch critic, not a supporter, of Hindu scriptures. He argued that texts like the Codes of Manu (Manusmriti), the Ramayana, and the Bhagavad Gita were instruments used to establish the authority of Brahmins and justify the subjugation of lower castes and women. He famously organized protests to burn the Manusmriti.
Key Takeaway: Periyar's social reform was characterized by aggressive rationalism, anti-Brahmanism, and the total rejection of religious texts that legitimized the caste hierarchy.