The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Laterite soils are formed under conditions of high temperature and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods. This climatic condition facilitates intense leaching, where silica and lime are washed away, leaving behind soil rich in iron oxide and aluminum.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Laterite soils are generally acidic in nature. Due to intense leaching and high temperatures, the organic matter (humus) content is low, as decomposers like bacteria are inhibited or destroyed. These soils are typically deficient in nitrogen, phosphate, and calcium, making them low in inherent fertility.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: While laterite soils are poor in organic matter, they are not completely unsuitable for agriculture. With the application of manures and fertilizers, these soils can be made productive. They are widely used for plantation agriculture, particularly for crops like tea, coffee, rubber, and cinchona. Specifically, Red Laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala are well-suited for cashew nut cultivation.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The geographical distribution of laterite soils in India covers the summits of the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. They are prominently found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
Key Takeaway:
Laterite soils are characterized by intense leaching, high acidity, and richness in Iron and Aluminum. While naturally low in fertility, they support plantation crops (like Cashew and Tea) when properly managed.