The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
The period between 1960 and 1987 in the context of local bodies (Panchayati Raj Institutions) was largely defined by the recommendations of the
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957). This era is characterized by the initial enthusiasm for democratic decentralization followed by a period of stagnation and decline (1965-1980) before the revival attempts (Ashok Mehta Committee, 1977). During this time, local bodies lacked constitutional status.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. One of the primary reasons for the failure of local bodies during this period was their financial dependence on the State and Central governments. They had meager resources of their own, were reluctant to levy taxes, and relied heavily on discretionary grants, which undermined their autonomy.
- Statement 2 is Correct. Since local bodies did not have constitutional protection, elections were not mandatory or regular. State governments frequently postponed elections or superseded these bodies for political reasons. In many states, elections were delayed for over a decade.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The structural model prevalent in this era (Balwant Rai Mehta model) emphasized "organic linkages" between tiers. While the village-level Gram Panchayats were directly elected, the higher tiers-Panchayat Samitis and Zila Parishads-were constituted by indirectly elected members (e.g., Sarpanches of lower tiers). Since the intermediate and district bodies (especially the Panchayat Samiti) held significant development powers, the system was characterized by the prevalence of indirect election methods for these key bodies.
Key Takeaway
Pre-1992 Local Governance: Before the 73rd and 74th Amendments, local bodies suffered from
financial weakness,
irregular elections (frequent supersession), and a structure that relied heavily on
indirect elections for the higher, decision-making tiers.