Correct Option
The correct option is (b).
Explanation
Land degradation refers to the deterioration of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of land, reducing its productive capacity. Conservation of land resources involves measures designed to prevent soil erosion, restore ecological balance, and maintain soil fertility against anthropogenic and natural threats.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Deforestation is the large-scale removal of trees and forest cover. This process exposes the topsoil to agents of erosion such as wind and water, accelerating land degradation rather than checking it. The correct conservation method is afforestation (planting trees).
- Statement 2 is Correct: Land reclamation involves the process of restoring degraded, derelict, or wasteland into productive land. This practice directly counters land degradation by improving soil structure and fertility.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers leads to soil toxicity, loss of beneficial microorganisms, and long-term infertility. Regulating their usage is essential to prevent chemical degradation of the soil.
- Statement 4 is Correct: Overgrazing by livestock removes the vegetative cover that binds the soil, making it highly susceptible to erosion by wind and water. Implementing checks on overgrazing ensures the retention of ground cover and protects the land from physical degradation.
Key Takeaway: Land conservation requires a multi-faceted approach including afforestation, land reclamation, controlled grazing, and the judicious use of agrochemicals to preserve soil health and prevent erosion.