The correct option is (d).
Explanation
The legislative relations between the Centre and the States are governed by Articles 245 to 255 of the Constitution of India. Article 246 provides for the distribution of legislative powers through the Seventh Schedule (Union List, State List, and Concurrent List), while Article 245 defines the territorial extent of such laws.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Assertion (A): Incorrect
Under Article 246(3), the Legislature of any State has the exclusive power to make laws for such State or any part thereof with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List (List II) in the Seventh Schedule. The Parliament generally does not legislate on State List subjects during normal circumstances. Parliament acquires the power to legislate on State List subjects only under extraordinary circumstances, such as:- When the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution (Article 249).
- During a Proclamation of Emergency (Article 250).
- On request by two or more States (Article 252).
- For implementing international agreements (Article 253).
- During President’s Rule (Article 356).
- Reason (R): Correct
According to Article 245(1), the Legislature of a State may make laws for the whole or any part of the State. The legislative competence of a State Legislative Assembly is territorially restricted to the boundaries of that state. Unlike the Parliament, which possesses the power of extraterritorial legislation (laws applicable outside India's territory for Indian citizens/property), state laws are invalid if they operate beyond the state's territory, unless there is a sufficient "territorial nexus" between the object and the state.
Key Takeaway:
In normal circumstances, the State Legislature has exclusive competence over the State List. Parliament's power to legislate on state subjects is an exception, not the rule. State laws are territorially confined, whereas Parliamentary laws can have extraterritorial application.