Correct Option
The Swadeshi Movement significantly contributed to the split in the Indian National Congress, culminating in the Surat Split of 1907. This movement was initiated in response to the Partition of Bengal in 1905. Divergent views on the methods and scope of the Swadeshi Movement led to a schism between two factions within the Congress:
- The Moderates, including leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale, advocated for constitutional agitation and a gradual approach, primarily limiting the movement to Bengal.
- The Extremists, comprising figures such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal, favoured more assertive methods like boycotts and mass agitation, aiming to extend the movement nationwide.
These fundamental differences in approach to the Swadeshi Movement were the immediate cause for the emergence of 'Moderates' and 'Extremists' as distinct groups and their eventual separation.
Incorrect Options
- Quit India Movement (1942): This movement was a unified mass struggle launched by the Indian National Congress against British rule, demanding immediate independence. It did not result in a split between Moderates and Extremists, as these factions had largely reconciled or evolved by this period.
- Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922): While this movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi, witnessed some internal disagreements within the Congress regarding its suspension or continuation, it did not lead to a split into 'Moderates' and 'Extremists' as defined in the early 20th century.
- Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934): This movement, also led by Mahatma Gandhi, involved widespread mass participation across India. Despite various phases and some internal debates, it did not cause a fundamental split in the Indian National Congress resulting in the emergence of 'Moderates' and 'Extremists'.