Correct Option (D):
Assertion (A) states that Maulana Mohammad Ali and Abul Kalam Azad resigned from the Legislative Council in 1916. This statement is factually incorrect. While both leaders were prominent figures in the Indian nationalist movement and did resign from public offices as a form of protest, their significant resignations, particularly in connection with the Khilafat Movement and the non-cooperation against the Rowlatt Act, occurred around 1919-1920, not 1916.
Reason (R) states that the Rowlatt Act was passed by the Government despite being opposed by all Indian members of the Legislative Council. This statement is factually correct. The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, commonly known as the Rowlatt Act, was indeed passed in March 1919. It was met with unanimous opposition from all Indian members of the Imperial Legislative Council, including prominent leaders like Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, and Mazhar-ul-Haq. Despite their strong protests and resignations from the Council, the British government enacted the legislation, leading to widespread anger and protests across India.
Therefore, Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Incorrect Options:
Options 1, 2, and 3 are incorrect because Assertion (A) is false. Option 1 and 2 claim that both A and R are true, which is incorrect. Option 3 claims A is true, which is also incorrect.