The early phase of the Indian National Congress (1885-1905), often termed the Moderate phase, primarily relied on constitutional methods such as prayers, petitions, and protests to seek reforms from the British government.
Correct Option
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent leader of the Extremist faction within the Indian National Congress. He strongly criticized the Moderate policy of 'pray and petition', famously labeling it 'political mendicancy' or 'begging'. Tilak advocated for direct action, self-reliance, and the attainment of Swaraj (self-rule) through more assertive means, rather than appealing to British benevolence. His famous declaration, 'Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it,' encapsulated this shift. Under his guidance, along with other Extremist leaders, the Congress began to move away from purely constitutional methods towards a more aggressive and nationalist approach, effectively bringing the 'pray and petition' policy to an end as the dominant strategy.
Incorrect Options
Aurobindo Ghosh: While a significant proponent of militant nationalism and an Extremist ideologue, Bal Gangadhar Tilak was more central to articulating the rejection of the 'pray and petition' strategy as the primary mode of political action.
Lala Lajpat Rai: He was a prominent leader of the Extremist group, often associated with Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal (the 'Lal-Bal-Pal' trio). However, Tilak is widely regarded as the most influential figure in challenging and guiding the Congress away from the Moderate approach.
Mahatma Gandhi: His leadership in the Indian national movement began significantly later (post-1915). His method of Satyagraha, while also non-constitutional, was distinct from the early Extremist phase and focused on non-violent civil disobedience, not the militant nationalism advocated by the Extremists.