Correct Option
The correct option is (d).
Explanation
This question pertains to specific terminology used in medieval Indian history, particularly in relation to religious and social groups.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Option (d) Sayyids: This statement is correct. In medieval Indian history, particularly during the Delhi Sultanate period, the Sayyids were a prominent group claiming descent from Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and son-in-law Ali. They were often distinguished by wearing a pointed cap (kulah) and were thus referred to as "Kulah-Daran" (wearers of the cap). This practice signified their revered lineage and distinct identity within the Muslim community.
- Option (a) Arab merchants: This statement is incorrect. Arab merchants were involved in trade with India but were not specifically known by the term "Kulah-Daran."
- Option (b) Qalandars: This statement is incorrect. Qalandars were a type of wandering Sufi dervishes known for their unconventional lifestyle, but the term "Kulah-Daran" was not specifically associated with them.
- Option (c) Persian calligraphists: This statement is incorrect. Persian calligraphists were skilled artists, but the term "Kulah-Daran" does not refer to them.
Key Takeaway
The term "Kulah-Daran" specifically referred to the Sayyids in medieval Indian history, identifying them by their distinctive headwear.