The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The question pertains to the economic history of medieval India, specifically identifying the meaning of the term 'Araghatta'. This term is associated with agricultural technology and practices of the period.
Statement-wise Analysis:
1. Option (a) bonded labour: This is incorrect. Bonded labour refers to a system where individuals are forced to work to repay a debt, often for generations. The term 'Araghatta' does not relate to this social or economic practice.
2. Option (b) land grants made to military officers: This is incorrect. Land grants to military officers were known by various terms such as 'jagir' during the Sultanate and Mughal periods, or 'brahmadeya' and 'devadana' for religious grants in earlier periods. 'Araghatta' is not associated with land grants.
3. Option (c) waterwheel used in the irrigation of land: This is correct. 'Araghatta' (also spelled 'Araghat' or 'Rahat') refers to a Persian wheel or a waterwheel, a mechanical device used for lifting water from wells or rivers for irrigation purposes. Its use became prominent in medieval India, significantly aiding agricultural productivity, particularly in regions with limited rainfall or deep water tables. This technology was crucial for the expansion of cultivation.
4. Option (d) wasteland converted to cultivated land: This is incorrect. While the conversion of wasteland to cultivated land was an important aspect of agricultural expansion in medieval India, the term 'Araghatta' specifically denotes an irrigation tool, not the process of land conversion itself.
Key Takeaway: The term 'Araghatta' in medieval Indian economic history specifically refers to a waterwheel used for irrigation, highlighting advancements in agricultural technology.