Correct Option (A)
Italy, Japan, and South Korea are frequently cited in international reports and media for their demographic challenges, including low birth rates, ageing populations, and projected population decline.
- Italy: Exhibits one of the world's lowest fertility rates (approximately 1.24 in 2023) and a significant proportion of its population (over 23%) aged 65 and above. This contributes to a steady decline in its total population.
- Japan: Is a globally recognized case of advanced population ageing. With a fertility rate below 1.3 and more than 29% of its population above 65 years, Japan faces severe demographic contraction, with projections indicating a substantial population fall by 2100.
- South Korea: Holds the world's lowest fertility rate (reported at 0.72 in 2023), with expectations of further decline. Its population is projected to halve by 2100, raising significant economic and social concerns.
Incorrect Options
- Nigeria: This country is characterized by high birth rates and a rapidly growing, youthful population. It is projected to become one of the most populous nations globally by 2100, which is contrary to the trends of low birth rates or declining population.
- South Africa: Possesses a relatively youthful demographic structure and moderate fertility rates. It does not experience issues of low birth rates or an ageing population leading to decline.
- Therefore, options that include Nigeria or South Africa (Options B and D) are incorrect. Option C is incomplete as it omits Italy, which is a well-documented example of an ageing population and low birth rates.