Correct Option
The correct option is (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Explanation
The Earth's surface is continuously reshaped by geomorphic processes, which are classified into endogenic (internal) and exogenic (external) forces. These processes are driven by energy sources and influenced by the Earth's physical movements and gravitational field.
Statement-wise Analysis
- 1. Electromagnetic radiation (Correct): Solar energy is the primary source of energy for all exogenic processes. It drives the hydrological cycle, atmospheric circulation, and weathering processes, which are fundamental to changing the Earth's surface.
- 2. Geothermal energy (Correct): Heat from within the Earth (radioactive decay and residual heat) is the main driving force behind endogenic processes. It powers diastrophism and volcanism, leading to the formation of mountains, plateaus, and plains.
- 3. Gravitational force (Correct): Gravity is the directional force that activates all downslope movements of matter (mass wasting). It is also essential for the movement of running water, glaciers, and wind, which act as agents of erosion and deposition.
- 4. Plate movements (Correct): Tectonic plate movements, driven by mantle convection, result in folding, faulting, and volcanic activity, causing significant dynamic changes to the crust.
- 5. Rotation of the earth (Correct): Earth's rotation causes the Coriolis force, which influences wind and ocean current patterns. It also creates diurnal temperature changes that contribute to physical weathering (expansion and contraction of rocks) and generates tides.
- 6. Revolution of the earth (Correct): The revolution of the Earth around the Sun creates seasons. Seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation significantly influence the type and rate of weathering and erosion in different regions.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: Dynamic changes on the Earth's surface are the cumulative result of endogenic forces (driven by geothermal energy) and exogenic forces (driven by solar energy), both of which are modulated by gravity and the Earth's motions (rotation and revolution).