Correct Option (C)
The passage defines devolution as the transfer of powers downwards to subnational entities. It emphasizes that successful devolution is characterized by 'political legitimacy', which is described as a "mass demand from below for the decentralization process" and "sufficient political mobilization for it at the grassroots level." The passage explicitly states that decentralization initiated by the upper tier of government without such grassroots support often fails. Therefore, for devolution to be successful, it requires the free expression of the will of the people at the lower level and their active participation at the grassroots, which is a fundamental aspect of a democratic process.
Incorrect Options:
Option (A) is incorrect because while the passage highlights the importance of "mass demand" and "political force" from below, it does not specifically state that the "emergence of powerful mass leaders" is an essential prerequisite for successful devolution. The emphasis is on collective mobilization and demand, rather than individual leadership.
Option (B) is incorrect as it directly contradicts the passage. The text explicitly warns that when decentralization is "initiated by the upper tier of government without sufficient political mobilization for it at the grassroots level," it "often does not fulfil its objectives." Imposing devolution from above without grassroots support is presented as a cause of failure, not a recommended approach.
Option (D) is incorrect. The passage discusses "political legitimacy" as a "mass demand from below for the decentralization process." While a feeling of regionalism might contribute to such a demand, the passage does not assert that a "strong feeling of regionalism in the masses" is, by itself, the essential factor for devolution to take place. The core requirement articulated is the political mobilization and demand for decentralization, which is a broader concept than mere regionalism.