The correct option is 3 only
Explanation
Article 368 of the Indian Constitution outlines the procedure for amending the Constitution. While some provisions can be amended by a simple majority of Parliament (outside the scope of Article 368), those falling under Article 368 require either a Special Majority of Parliament or a Special Majority of Parliament coupled with ratification by State Legislatures.
Statement 1 is Incorrect
Not all amendments under Article 368 require ratification by States. The requirement for ratification by at least half of the States applies only to those amendments that seek to change the federal provisions of the Constitution (e.g., election of the President, extent of executive power of the Union and States, Supreme Court and High Courts, distribution of legislative powers, and Article 368 itself). Other amendments under Article 368 require only a Special Majority of Parliament.
Statement 2 is Incorrect
The Constitution does not require State Legislatures to pass the ratification resolution by a special majority. The State Legislatures must ratify the amendment bill by a simple majority of the members present and voting.
Statement 3 is Correct
According to the proviso to Article 368(2), an amendment affecting federal features requires ratification by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States. Once this minimum threshold (50% of States) is achieved, the ratification requirement is fulfilled, and the bill can be presented to the President for assent. The consent of all States is not required.
Key Takeaway
State ratification is mandatory only for amendments altering federal features; it requires a simple majority in State Assemblies and is valid once approved by at least 50% of the States.