The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Peninsular drainage system predates the Himalayan system. A defining characteristic of Peninsular rivers is their flow regime, which is primarily determined by the seasonal rhythm of the monsoons.- Statement 1 is Correct: A large number of Peninsular rivers are seasonal in nature. Unlike the Himalayan rivers, which are fed by both melting glaciers and precipitation, Peninsular rivers are almost exclusively rain-fed. Consequently, they do not maintain a continuous flow throughout the year in the absence of rainfall.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The flow of Peninsular rivers is not constant. It fluctuates significantly based on the intensity and duration of rainfall. During the monsoon, they carry a large volume of water, whereas, in non-monsoon months, the flow diminishes. Constant flow regardless of rainfall is a characteristic of perennial Himalayan rivers.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Due to their dependence on rainfall, even the large Peninsular rivers (such as the Godavari and Krishna) experience a substantial reduction in water flow within their channels during the dry season.
Key Takeaway: The fundamental distinction between the two major Indian drainage systems is that Himalayan rivers are perennial (snow and rain-fed), while Peninsular rivers are seasonal (rain-fed).