Correct Option
The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Indian Constitution is conceptualized as a "living document." It strikes a balance between stability (to preserve core values) and flexibility (to adapt to changing societal needs). It serves as the supreme law of the land, to which all ordinary laws must conform.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. The Indian Constitution is not designed as a frozen document. The drafters recognized that a constitution must evolve with the changing aspirations and needs of society. Consequently, Article 368 provides a mechanism for amendment, ensuring the document remains dynamic rather than static or "frozen."
- Statement 2 is Correct. The Constitution plays a dual role. It is regarded as a sacred document in the sense that it embodies the fundamental values and framework of the nation that commands respect and adherence. Simultaneously, it is an instrument for changing needs, facilitating social and economic transformation through amendments and judicial interpretation.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The Constitution is the fundamental law of the land. It places the constitutional text above ordinary laws enacted by the legislature. Any ordinary law that violates the provisions of the Constitution is liable to be declared ultra vires (void) by the judiciary (under Article 13).
Key Takeaway
The Indian Constitution is a living document, not a static rulebook. It maintains supremacy over ordinary legislation and balances the permanence of fundamental principles with the flexibility required for future evolution.