The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The mural paintings at Sittanavasal (Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu) are a significant example of early medieval Indian art, dating to the Pandya period (9th century AD). These paintings are associated with Jainism and are often compared to the classical style of Ajanta in terms of technique and aesthetics. They adorn the ceilings and pillars of the rock-cut Jain cave temple.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. While the paintings at Sittanavasal share the fresco-secco technique with other mural traditions, the contours of the figures are typically drawn in vermilion (red ochre), not black, against a light background. The use of red outlines is a distinguishing feature of this specific school, contrasting with the varied outline colors found in Ajanta.
- Statement 2 is Correct. The bodies of the figures, particularly the celestial nymphs, are rendered in yellow. The artists used subtle modelling with colors to create a sense of volume and three-dimensionality, adhering to the classical standards of Indian painting.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The pillars of the veranda (ardha-mandapa) are famous for their depictions of dancing figures of celestial nymphs (Apsaras). These figures are noted for their rhythmic poses and expressive gestures. The ceiling of the same veranda features the famous "Lotus Pond" (Samavasarana) scene.
Key Takeaway
Sittanavasal murals are Jain paintings from the Pandya period (Tamil Nadu). Key features include the Lotus Pond scene on the ceiling, dancing Apsaras on the pillars, and the use of red ochre (vermilion) for outlines.