The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only
Explanation
The term "Lathiyals" is historically associated with the
Indigo Revolt (1859–60) in Bengal. The European indigo planters employed a coercive system to force peasants (ryots) to cultivate indigo instead of food crops. To enforce this unjust system and terrorize the peasantry, the planters maintained private bands of armed retainers.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Lathiyals were the lathi-wielding strongmen (musclemen) maintained by the indigo planters. Their primary role was to physically coerce the ryots, seize their cattle, and enforce the planters' will through intimidation and violence.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Lathiyals were not legal advisors. They were essentially mercenaries or thugs employed for physical intimidation. The legal battles were fought in courts, often highlighted by the intelligentsia, but the Lathiyals operated on the ground using brute force.
- Statement 3 is Correct: During the Indigo Rebellion (Neel Bidroho), the ryots organized themselves and refused to grow indigo. They armed themselves with swords, spears, bows, and arrows to resist the planters. In many instances, the ryots attacked the indigo factories and physically confronted the Lathiyals, beating them up when they came to collect rents or enforce contracts.
Key Takeaway
Lathiyals were the armed retainers (musclemen) of European indigo planters in Bengal, used to terrorize peasants during the
Indigo Revolt (1859–60).