Correct Option
The correct option is 1, 2 and 3
Explanation
To maximize and stabilize land revenue collection, the British administration introduced three major land revenue systems in different parts of India: the Permanent Settlement (Zamindari), the Ryotwari System, and the Mahalwari System. These systems differed in the mode of assessment, the unit of settlement, and the fixity of the revenue demand.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Pair 1 is Correct: The Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. Under this system, the Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land, and the state's share of the revenue was fixed in perpetuity. It was not subject to future revision, regardless of the increase in agricultural produce.
- Pair 2 is Correct: The Mahalwari Settlement was introduced by Holt Mackenzie (1822) and later reformed by R.M. Bird in the North-Western Provinces, Punjab, and parts of Central India. The revenue settlement was made with the village community or the "Mahal" collectively. Unlike the Permanent Settlement, the revenue demand was revised periodically (usually every 20 to 30 years).
- Pair 3 is Correct: The Ryotwari Settlement was introduced by Thomas Munro and Alexander Read in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies. In this system, the settlement was made directly with the cultivator (Ryot). The revenue assessment was based on a scientific survey and measurement of the field, taking into account the quality of the soil and the area under cultivation.
Key Takeaway
Permanent Settlement involved a fixed revenue demand with Zamindars; Ryotwari involved direct settlement with cultivators based on land surveys; and Mahalwari involved collective village responsibility with periodic revenue revisions.