Correct Option
The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Himalayan drainage system consists of rivers originating from the lofty Himalayan ranges. These rivers are perennial, fed by both melting snow and precipitation, and flow through geologically young and unstable terrain, exhibiting characteristics of a youthful stage of development.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Himalayan rivers, such as the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra, have very long courses extending from their sources in the high mountains to their mouths at the sea. This contrasts with Peninsular rivers, which generally have shorter courses.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: In their upper courses (mountainous stage), these rivers flow over steep gradients. Consequently, they perform intensive erosional activity rather than minimal activity. They engage in vertical down-cutting to carve out deep V-shaped valleys, gorges, and canyons.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Due to the intense erosion in the upper reaches and the soft, sedimentary nature of the Himalayan rocks, these rivers carry huge loads of silt and sand. This sediment is transported downstream and deposited in the middle and lower courses, forming extensive floodplains and large deltas.
Key Takeaway: Himalayan rivers are characterized by their youthful stage, long courses, and intense vertical erosion in the upper reaches, resulting in a heavy sediment load, unlike the mature rivers of the Peninsular plateau.