The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The livelihood of fishing communities in coastal villages, such as Pudupet (often cited in socio-economic studies of rural livelihoods), is heavily dependent on seasonal cycles, traditional equipment, and credit availability during lean periods.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Fishermen in traditional coastal villages like Pudupet typically use catamarans (traditional boats made of logs tied together) and various types of nets for their daily livelihood. They usually start their day early in the morning to catch fish.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: During the monsoon season, fishermen generally do not go to the sea. This period corresponds to the breeding season for fish. Consequently, fishing activity halts or drastically reduces rather than increases.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Since the monsoon months constitute a "lean period" with no fishing income, families are often forced to borrow money from traders to meet their daily needs. This creates a cycle of debt, often compelling them to sell their future catch to these traders at lower prices.
Key Takeaway:
Fishing is a seasonal occupation where the monsoon acts as a lean period due to fish breeding cycles, often pushing traditional fishing communities into debt traps with local traders.