The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Ladakh is a cold desert located in the Great Himalayas. The region is characterized by an extremely harsh climate, low precipitation, and scarce vegetation. Human adaptation in such fragile ecosystems is driven by the necessity to conserve limited resources and maintain an ecological balance.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The people of Ladakh have traditionally lived in harmony with nature. Due to the fragility of the ecosystem and the scarcity of resources, reckless exploitation is not sustainable. Their lifestyle reflects a deep understanding of the environmental limits, ensuring that the ecological balance is maintained.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Resources such as water and fuel are extremely scarce in this arid, high-altitude region. Water primarily comes from melting glaciers, and fuel (wood or dung) is limited due to sparse vegetation. Consequently, these resources are used with great care and reverence to ensure survival through long, harsh winters.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The traditional Ladakhi lifestyle is characterized by a circular economy where nothing is discarded or wasted. For example, human and animal waste is often composted and used as manure for agriculture, and materials are reused or repurposed to minimize waste generation.
Key Takeaway:
In the cold desert environment of Ladakh, human survival depends on the judicious use of scarce resources like water and fuel, adhering to principles of conservation and zero waste.