Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, introduced several changes regarding the judiciary, primarily focusing on the tenure and jurisdiction of High Court judges. In political science classifications, amendments are often categorized based on their nature: technical/administrative, those arising from political consensus, or those resulting from differing interpretations (conflict).
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The 15th Amendment Act, 1963, amended Article 217 of the Constitution to increase the retirement age of High Court judges from 60 years to 62 years. This was done to retain experienced judges for a longer period.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: This amendment was not the result of a confrontation or conflict between the Parliament and the Judiciary. Conflicts typically characterize amendments related to Fundamental Rights, land reforms, or the scope of judicial review (e.g., the 24th or 42nd Amendments). The 15th Amendment was administrative in nature, aimed at improving judicial efficiency.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The 15th Amendment is widely classified as a "technical" or "administrative" amendment. These amendments clarify provisions, adjust administrative details (like retirement age or salaries), and are generally passed without significant political opposition, as they do not alter the core philosophy of the Constitution.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: The 15th Amendment (1963) is a technical amendment that raised the retirement age of High Court judges from 60 to 62 years; it was not a product of legislative-judicial conflict.