The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
Under the Indian Constitution, the legislative powers are distributed between the Centre and the States through the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule. Residuary Powers refer to the jurisdiction over subjects that are not explicitly mentioned in any of these three lists. Article 248 of the Constitution governs these powers.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Residuary subjects are defined as matters that do not fall under the Union List (List I), State List (List II), or Concurrent List (List III). This ensures that no subject remains outside the legislative competence of the country.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Agriculture is not a residuary subject; it is explicitly enumerated in the State List (Entry 14). Therefore, states have the primary power to legislate on agriculture. Examples of residuary subjects include cyber laws and space exploration.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Unlike the United States or Australia, where residuary powers lie with the States, the Indian Constitution vests the exclusive power to legislate on residuary subjects in the Parliament (Centre), not the State Governments. This is provided under Article 248 and Entry 97 of the Union List.
Key Takeaway:
In India, Residuary Powers are vested in the Parliament, reflecting a unitary bias in the federal structure, whereas in traditional federations like the USA, these powers reside with the States.