The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Floods are typically caused by heavy rainfall, resulting in the overflow of water bodies. This phenomenon significantly impacts both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, altering habitats and threatening the survival of various organisms.
Statement 1 is Correct:
Heavy rains contribute to surface runoff, which flows into rivers, lakes, and ponds. This excessive inflow causes the water levels in these water bodies to rise significantly, often breaching banks and causing floods in surrounding areas.
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
Floods are generally detrimental, not beneficial, to soil-dwelling animals (such as earthworms, snakes, and rodents). These animals rely on air trapped in soil pores for respiration. When soil becomes waterlogged during floods, the air is replaced by water, forcing these animals to come to the surface to breathe, where they are vulnerable to predation or displacement. Many may also drown.
Statement 3 is Correct:
During floods, the strong current and overflow can carry aquatic animals (fish, amphibians, etc.) out of their natural water bodies onto submerged land areas. When the floodwaters recede, these animals often remain stranded on land and die due to lack of water and oxygen.
Key Takeaway:
Heavy rains cause water levels to rise in inland water bodies. Floods disrupt soil aeration, forcing soil-dwelling animals to surface, and can displace aquatic animals to land, leading to mortality when waters recede.