The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Composting and vermicomposting are biological processes used to convert organic waste into nutrient-rich manure. These methods are integral to organic farming and sustainable waste management, utilizing natural agents to recycle nutrients back into the soil.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Compost is prepared by the biological decomposition of organic farm waste material (such as crop residues, animal dung, and vegetable waste) in pits. This process relies on microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down complex organic matter into humus over a period of time.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Vermicompost is not prepared using chemical decomposing agents. Instead, it is a specific method of composting that utilizes earthworms (such as Eisenia fetida or Red worms). The earthworms consume the organic waste and excrete it as worm castings, which accelerates the decomposition process biologically.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Both compost and vermicompost are rich in organic matter and essential plant nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium). They significantly improve soil structure, water retention capacity, and beneficial microbial activity in the soil.
Key Takeaway:
Compost is the product of the decomposition of organic waste by microorganisms, whereas vermicompost specifically utilizes earthworms to accelerate this decomposition. Both are organic fertilizers free from synthetic chemicals.