The correct option is (a) 1, 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
During the medieval period in India, tribal societies were spread across distinct geographical regions. Historical records, including those from the Chola period and subsequent eras, identify specific tribal communities inhabiting the southern peninsula (south of the Krishna-Tungabhadra region) versus those in the northern and north-western frontiers.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- 1. Koragas (Correct): The Koragas are a tribal community historically found in the southern regions, particularly in present-day Karnataka and Kerala. They are classified among the tribes of South India.
- 2. Vetars (Correct): The Vetars were a hunter-gatherer tribe inhabiting the Tamil and Kerala regions. They are frequently mentioned in the context of South Indian history alongside other forest-dwelling communities.
- 3. Maravars (Correct): The Maravars were a prominent warrior tribe found in the southern parts of the Tamil country (present-day Tamil Nadu). They played a significant role in the polity and society of the region south of the Krishna river.
- 4. Gakkhars (Incorrect): The Gakkhars (or Ghakkars) were a powerful tribe inhabiting the north-western part of the subcontinent, specifically the Punjab region (between the Indus and Jhelum rivers). They are historically noted for their resistance against invaders like Mahmud of Ghazni and their later interactions with the Delhi Sultanate and Mughals. They were not found in South India.
Key Takeaway:
Koragas, Vetars, and Maravars are indigenous to South India, whereas the Gakkhars, Khokhars, and Janjuhas were dominant tribes in the North-Western frontier (Punjab region).