The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The Mughal Empire, during its expansion, frequently interacted with tribal chiefdoms and kingdoms in the subcontinent. These interactions ranged from military conquests and annexations to temporary subjugations and treaties.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: During the reign of Akbar, his general Raja Man Singh attacked and defeated the Cheros (a tribal kingdom in present-day Bihar and Jharkhand) in 1591. A large amount of booty was taken, but the Cheros were not entirely subdued at that time and continued to resist in pockets.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Ahoms (in present-day Assam) were attacked by the Mughals under Mir Jumla (Aurangzeb’s general) in 1662. While the Mughals initially captured the capital Garhgaon, the Ahoms launched a successful counter-insurgency using guerrilla tactics. The Mughals were forced to retreat, and they could not annex the kingdom permanently. The Ahoms soon recovered their independence.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Gond kingdom of Garha Katanga was attacked by the Mughal forces under Asaf Khan in 1564 (during Akbar's reign). The kingdom was ruled by Rani Durgavati on behalf of her minor son. Despite a brave defence, the Gond forces were defeated by the Mughals, not the other way around. Rani Durgavati chose death over surrender.
Key Takeaway:
While the Mughals successfully defeated the Cheros (under Akbar) and the Gonds (under Akbar), they failed to maintain permanent control over the Ahoms (under Aurangzeb) due to difficult terrain and guerrilla resistance.