The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The classification of towns in India based on their evolution is categorized into Ancient, Medieval, and Modern towns. Medieval towns emerged primarily during the period of regional kingdoms and the Mughal Empire, serving as centers of administration and power.
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
According to standard geographical studies, there are about 100 existing towns that have their roots in the medieval period. They do not number over 1,000. The vast majority of statutory and census towns in India are of modern origin or developed post-independence.
Statement 2 is Correct:
Most medieval towns developed as headquarters of principalities and kingdoms. These were often fortified settlements (fort towns) established to exercise control over the territory. Their location and growth were driven by political and military strategy rather than purely economic factors.
Statement 3 is Correct:
Delhi, Hyderabad, and Agra are prominent examples of medieval towns. Other examples include Jaipur, Lucknow, and Nagpur. These cities flourished as capitals or strategic nodes under various medieval dynasties.
Key Takeaway:
Medieval towns in India are relatively few in number (around 100) and originated primarily as political or military headquarters (fort towns) for medieval rulers; key examples include Delhi, Agra, and Hyderabad.