The correct option is (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Explanation
Groundwater is water located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. It accumulates in geologic formations called aquifers. Both artificial extraction structures and certain natural water bodies rely on the water table or aquifers for their supply.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Open wells are large diameter holes excavated into the ground until they reach the water table. They are filled and replenished by the seepage of groundwater from the surrounding saturated soil.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Tube wells consist of a long pipe bored deep into the ground to tap into specific aquifers. They are designed explicitly to extract groundwater for irrigation or drinking purposes.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Hand pumps are manual mechanical devices installed over borewells or tube wells. They function by lifting groundwater from the aquifer to the surface.
- Statement 4 is Correct: While lakes are often fed by rainfall and surface runoff, many are also fed by groundwater. When the water table surrounding a lake is higher than the lake level, groundwater flows into the lake (discharge). This is crucial for maintaining water levels in lakes during dry seasons.
Key Takeaway: Groundwater is a primary source for excavation-based water structures (wells, pumps) and also acts as a significant feeder for natural surface water bodies like lakes through subsurface discharge.