The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The Ganga drainage system is fed by tributaries from two distinct geographical regions: the Himalayas in the north and the Peninsular uplands in the south. Tributaries from the Peninsular uplands generally flow northward or northeastward to join the Ganga or its primary tributary, the Yamuna.Statement-wise Analysis:
- 1. Chambal: Correct. The Chambal originates near Mhow in the Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh, which is part of the Peninsular uplands. It flows northwards to join the Yamuna.
- 2. Betwa: Correct. The Betwa rises in the Vindhya Range (Peninsular uplands) in Madhya Pradesh and flows northeast to join the Yamuna.
- 3. Son: Correct. The Son originates from the Amarkantak Plateau (Peninsular uplands). It flows northwards and joins the Ganga directly near Patna.
- 4. Gandak: Incorrect. The Gandak comprises two streams that rise in the Nepal Himalayas between Dhaulagiri and Mount Everest. It is a Himalayan tributary, not a peninsular one.
Key Takeaway: The primary tributaries of the Ganga system originating from the Peninsular uplands are the Chambal, Sind, Betwa, and Ken (which join the Yamuna), and the Son (which joins the Ganga directly). Rivers like the Gandak, Ghaghara, and Kosi are Himalayan tributaries.